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Source: General Physiology of Hair— An Overview by Robert Baratz, M.D., Ph.D., D.D.S.

Hair grows in phases (see diagram).

More than 90 percent of the hair is in the growing (or anagen) phase. The length of anagen varies from two to six years. The longer the hair, typically the lengthier the phases. As an example, long hair tends to expand even more slowly.

Through apoptosis, the hair will start to enter the relatively short catagen phase, during which the follicle will start to regress and move toward the surface (the papilli will essentially disappear).

When you took the next phase, telogen, the hair will actually fall out.

If the cycle is complete, a resting phase will follow and then the follicle will resume the anagen phase. Even so, hair can “exit” the cycle and stop being a terminal hair.

For illustration, it can turn into a vellus hair (non-pigmented “peach-fuzz” hair) or even the hair follicle

might permanently disappear, as is the case with male-pattern baldness. Cases known to effect the hair follicle and its cycle include local signaling cases (e.g, cytokines, hormones, adhesion molecules). Nonetheless, no firm theory of cycle control exists.

Hypotheses include the presence of

(1) a morphogenesis clock,

(2) a cycling inducer,

(3) a desynchronizer, and

(4) an actual cycle clock,

however none of it is specifically known.

Substances affecting hair growth.

An huge number of substances can effect hair expansion.

For instance, a select few drugs, like alkalating agencies, are cytotoxic and can produce hair fall out (e.g., cancer chemotherapeutic agents). More drugs drive hair into telogen (e.g., heparin, Vitamin A, ? -blockers, L-dopa, lithium, and a select few of the non-steroidals). Drugs that inhibit hair expansion include parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related proteins. Variable drugs also exist, like Vitamin D. At low concentrations, Vitamin D could simulate hair growth, however at high concentrations hair growth is inhibited. Substances like testosterone, danazol, adrenocorticotropin hormone, metyrapone, anabolic steroids, glucocorticoids, retinoids, and insulin can lead to hirsutism (growth of hair where it doesn't ordinarily occur). Cyclosporin, minoxidil, diazoxide, and chromakalin increase the growth rate and size of hair (hypertrichosis). Nonetheless, a few regional variation could occur. As an example, steroids will lessen the rate of growth of eyebrows, lashes, and hair on the extremities, however estrogen and testosterone will normally stimulate the expansion of pubic and axillary hair. More factors can potentiate or even inhibit hair growth by affecting the growth of the dermal papillae, hair, and follicle (see Table).

Factor	Effect on Hair Growth
Beta-fibroblast growth factor Platelet-derived growth factor	Potentiate growth of dermal papillae.
Transforming growth factor beta	Inhibits follicle proliferation, if induced by mitogens
Interleukin-1 alpha	Inhibits growth of hair and follicle.
Epidermal growth factor	Stimulates growth.
Fibroblast growth factor-5	Inhibits growth.
Keratinocyte growth factor	Stimulates growth; induces keratinization.
Insulin-like growth factor-1	Accelerates growth of hair and follicle.
Skin damage (e.g., cut, scrape, burn,irritation)	Forces telogen to anagen (well-illustrated in rodent models).
Allergens (e.g., food)	Major changes in the skin, including hair loss.
Malnutrition	Protein/calorie deficiencies inhibit hair growth.
Fungal infection	Inhibits growth; hair may fall out.
Hypothyroidism	Diminution of eyebrows.
Viral agents (e.g, HIV virus)	Hair loss in patches.

Source: Jankovic and Jankovic 2001.

 

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